燃料添加剂对均质压缩燃烧影响的试验

在一台改造的4缸柴油机的第4缸进行均质压燃（HCCI）燃烧试验，研究了添加剂对HCCI燃烧过程的影响。试验结果表明，在HCCI燃烧稳定工况下，没有添加剂的基础燃料PRF90（相当于90号汽油）着火滞后，燃烧放热峰值低，而混有添加剂的基础燃料则着火明显提前，燃烧放热峰值升高。在相同循环喷油量和相同转速的条件下，随着添加剂质量分数的增加，HCCI着火和燃烧放热提前，燃烧放热峰值提高，但过高的添加剂质量分数会使得发动机爆震，工作粗暴。     

高酸值米糠油酶法酯化脱酸研究

对脂肪酶Novozym 435催化高酸值米糠油酯化脱酸进行了研究.利用响应面分析法(RSM)优化脱酸条件.根据Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计原理对试验条件进行优化,在分析各因素显著性及其交互作用的基础上,得出米糠油酯化脱酸最佳工艺参数为:酶质量分数1.1％、甘油添加量0.42 mg、温度56.4℃、反应时间23.2 h.实际测得脱酸后米糠油酸值(KOH)由56 mg/g降为5.04 mg/g,游离脂肪酸酯化率达到91％,与模型预测值基本相符.     

凹坑形表面土壤减阻率试验及界面动态观察

利用切向粘附动态试验台，测试并研究了土壤含水率为35．1％条件下，玻璃和有机玻璃凹坑形仿生非光滑表面和光滑表面与土壤相互作用的摩擦阻力。采用二元二次回归正交组合设计试验方案，探讨当凹坑形非光滑表面和光滑表面在正压力和速度变化时，土壤摩擦阻力的变化规律，观察两种材料表面与土壤界面的动态变化，讨论试样表面形态与界面水膜及土壤摩擦阻力的关系。试验结果表明，在试验条件下，与光滑试样相比凹坑形非光滑表面玻璃试样减阻率为8．29％～24．65％，有机玻璃试样的减阻率为1．29％～8．18％。     

环境变化对河北省水资源量的影响

分析了气候变化、地下水超采、地表径流及粮食产量变化等方面对水资源的影响，结论认为，在新一轮水资源评价中，要充分考虑环境变化对水资源量的影响，加强地下水位大埋深条件下地表产流量、地下水补给量以及作物产量水平提高对水资源影响的实验研究，以提高新一轮水资源评价成果的精度。     

压电驱动微悬臂梁与基底粗糙面间多次接触分析

基于压电原理,在考虑黏着、微凸体间相互作用、基底弹塑性变形及微悬臂梁弹性恢复等基础上,运用ABAQUS动态模拟分析了压电薄膜驱动下微悬臂梁末端与基底粗糙面间的接触。结果表明:每次压电驱动接触过程中均存在数次明显的接触-分离情形,梁与基底在无电压作用后2~4μs内仍出现黏合,分离期间粗糙表面发生小部分的弹塑性变形,其中最大残余应力值处于接触区域边缘;随着压电驱动次数的增加,基底发生塑性变形区域不断向两边扩展,表面间黏合作用增强,影响系统接触的可靠性。     

The rehabilitation of an irrigation system along the Yellow River

The People's Victory Irrigation System which diverts water from the Yellow River of China covers a total irrigable area of 59 000 ha. The system encountered some serious problems in the first decade of its operation — salinity and waterlogging of irrigated land, siltation of irrigation and drainage channels, as well as a low efficiency of water use. This paper describes a series of structural and functional measures which have been adopted in the past 24 years for the rehabilitation of the system, including: improvement of the existing drainage system and construction of new drainage system on agricultural land, conjunctive use of surface and groundwater supplies, a comprehensive programme to reduce the levels of siltation as well as the implementation of improved water management practices. A model for the optimal operation of the system by using system analysis theory as an aid in reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) costs has been developed in recent years. The results are that the soil salinity has been controlled and the agricultural production has increased whilst the efficiency of water use has improved and the siltation levels reduced. Experience gained on this system has been successfully used in developing and managing other irrigation projects along the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The proposed procedure of solving the said optimal model has also embodied some benefits from reducing O & M costs in operation.     

Using drainage systems for supplementary irrigation

The use of drainage systems for supplementary irrigation is widespread in The Netherlands. One of the operating policies is to raise the surface water level during the growing season in order to reduce drainage (water conservation) or to create subsurface irrigation. This type of operation is based on practical experience, which can be far from optimal.To obtain better founded operational water management rules a total soil water/surface water model was built. In a case study the effects of using the drainage system in a dual-purpose manner on the arable crop production were simulated with the model. Also, the operational rules for managing this type of dual-purpose drainage systems were derived.The average annual simulated increase in crop transpiration due to water conservation and water supply for subsurface irrigation are 6.0 and 5.4 mm.y^–1, respectively. This is equivalent with 520 × 10³ and 460 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for the pilot region (2 Dfl 1 US $). The corresponding investments and operational costs are 600 × 10³ Dfl and 9 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for water conservation and 3200 × 10³ Dfl and 128 × 10³ Dfl.y^–1 for subsurface irrigation. Hence, water conservation is economically very profitable, whereas subsurface irrigation is less attractive.Comparing the management according to the model with current practice in a water-board during 1983 and 1986 learned that benefits can increase with some 50 and 500 Dfl per ha per year, respectively.     

灰铸铁生产技术的一些新进展

对灰铸铁的研究现状和生产中的一些新技术做了评述。重点介绍了高强度薄壁灰铸铁的生产现状以及先进的制造工艺和先进的制造手段在灰铸铁生产中应用所取得的技术成果。     

Effect of drying on soil strength and corn emergence

Summary Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drying on soil strength and corn emergence (Zea mays L.). Corn was germinated in Billings silty clay under a bank of heat lamps which operated 9, 14, 19, or 24 h per day. Soil strength (modules of rupture), soil moisture content and emergence were measured daily.The relationship of soil strength to corn seedling emergence as influenced by the four light and heat durations and bare and mulched soil surfaces was determined. As soil strength increased emergence decreased until it ceased at soil strengths of about 80 kPa. Strength of this soil had a high negative correlation with soil water content and increased with time. Mulching decreased initial rate of drying, decreased crust strength, and improved corn emergence. The 14-hour light and heat treatment resulted in the highest corn emergence.Contribution from Colorado State Experiment Station, USDA-ARS Snake River Conservation Research Center, and USDA-ARS Fort Collins, respectively     

井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型与应用

将灌区的经济效益和生态环境效益结合在一起综合考虑，在灌区水资源配置时不仅只追求获得最大经济效益，同时尽量将地下水位控制在适宜范围内，以维持地下水资源的采补平衡，实现水资源的可持续利用。按此原则，建立了井渠结合灌区水资源多目标优化配置模型。实例计算表明：应用此模型指导井渠结合灌区的水资源配置可实现真正意义上的地表水和地下水联合运用，提高水资源利用效率。